Chapter Five
FIGURATIVE SENSES OF LEXICAL ITEMS
My respond about Chapter 5
Hello everyone, I really like to share with all of you by do responds and re-responds. It’s better to understand than not. There for, first of all I thank you especially for the lecture and all of my friends. Anyway, my name is you had already known. We know that there is figurative sense of lexical items. And in this lecture will disuse more about figurative sense of lexical items. But it’s better to remind you about the last lectures that we had already discussed. The first one is about form and meaning, the second one is kinds of translations, the third one is some relationships between lexical items (words), and the lecture just had discussed was discovering meaning by grouping and contrasting. That's all just remembering. Here are just remaining, in this lecture we will discuss figurative senses of lexical items which includes monotony snecdoche, idioms, euphemism, hyperbole. We noted that the primary sense is the sense which will come to the minds of most speaker of the language when the word is cited in isolation and secondary sense is those which are dependent upon context for an indication of the sense intended. In addition, primary and secondary senses, words also have figurative sense. Figurative senses are based on associative relations with the primary sense (Beekman and Callow 1974:94). In this material there are some types of Figures of speech such as:
1. Monotony,
2. Synecdoche
3. Idioms
4. Euphemism, and
5. Hyperbole
2. Synecdoche
3. Idioms
4. Euphemism, and
5. Hyperbole
Well, I want to explain it one by one briefly. First, is Metonymy is a use of words in figurative sense that involving association. For instance, in English it is correct to say "The White House is announcing something important to American." However, White House cannot announce (that means tell something to people). In the special collocation with announce, white House does not mean the building used for announcing something to American, but rather it refers to the people which are in the White House. They are peopling who announcing something. Yet, the people associated with the White house. It is inside the white house. White house is being used in a figurative sense to mean people. Or the simple way we can say Metonymy is the use of words in a figurative sense involving association. For example, in English we can say "his nose runs". However, a nose cannot run. The true meaning is "he gets flu". In Indonesian we cannot say "hidungnya (laki-laki) lari". Figurative senses cannot usually be translated with a literal form of the word. Other examples "I lighted the stove". Stove (kompor) is the place where the wick (sumbu) is located. It is being used in a figurative way to refer to the `wick'. The example given is based on a spatial relationship (hubungan tempat). Association may have to do with temporal relationship (hubungan waktu). For example "my sister waited for her day". Day refers to `birthday'. There are also figurative senses which are based on a logical contiguity (hubungan logis) rather than spatial or temporal. For example, "Moses is read every day in the Jewish synagogues" or "Luke is read every Sunday in the church". But one cannot read Moses or Luke. They are used in a figurative way to stand for what Moses wrote-the law or what Luke wrote-the gospel. A translation might need to say the laws written by Moses or the gospel written by Luke. Sometimes an object (benda) is used in a figurative way to stand for what is used for. For example, "the teachers live by their thoughts" means they make their living by teach the students.
The Second is synecdoche. Synecdoche is part-whole relationships which are common in some languages, or the briefly we can say Synecdoche means that figurative senses based on part-whole relationships are also quite common in Some languages and are called synecdoche. This figure of speech is very common in Greek, so there are many occurrences of it in the New Testament. For example, “Johnny gives Ana a rose". `Rose' is the name of flower.
There are three general ways in which metonymy and synecdoche are to be translated.
1. To translate the sense of the word non-figuratively, that is, the intended meaning may be made plain so that there is no longer a figurative sense in the receptor language translation. For example, "the kettle is boiling" would be translated "the water is boiling".
2. To retain the word in original, but to add the sense of the word. For example, "she drinks two bottles" would be translated "she drinks water".
3. To substitute a figurative expression of the receptor language for the figurative expression of the source language. For example, "he has a very kind liver for everyone" would be translated "he is very kind for everyone". The third is idioms. Idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood laterally and which function as a unit semantically (Beekman and Callow 1974:121). For example in English "Shinta under the water" in Indonesian we cannot say "Shinta di bawah air" but the true meaning is "Shinta is sick" or "Shinta sakit". The translator needs to learn to recognize the idioms and other figures of speech of the source text. And the last one or the fourth is euphemism. A euphemism is a figurative expression which is in some way like a metonymy. There is substitution of one word for another or one expression for another. But a euphemism is used to avoid an offensive expression or one that is socially unacceptable, or one that is unpleasant (see Beekman and Callow 1974:119). All languages have euphemistic expressions which substitute for certain words, especially in the area of sex, death, and the supernatural.
The last is hyperbole. A hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more said than the writer intended the reader to understand. The exaggeration is deliberately used for effect, and it is not to be understood as if it were a literal description (Beekman and Callow 1974:118). For example, "they turned the world upside down is an exaggeration. `World' is used to stand for people, in this case many people but probably not all the people in the world. Much care must be taken to be sure that the desired effect is retained in the receptor language but the correct meaning is also retained.
The Second is synecdoche. Synecdoche is part-whole relationships which are common in some languages, or the briefly we can say Synecdoche means that figurative senses based on part-whole relationships are also quite common in Some languages and are called synecdoche. This figure of speech is very common in Greek, so there are many occurrences of it in the New Testament. For example, “Johnny gives Ana a rose". `Rose' is the name of flower.
There are three general ways in which metonymy and synecdoche are to be translated.
1. To translate the sense of the word non-figuratively, that is, the intended meaning may be made plain so that there is no longer a figurative sense in the receptor language translation. For example, "the kettle is boiling" would be translated "the water is boiling".
2. To retain the word in original, but to add the sense of the word. For example, "she drinks two bottles" would be translated "she drinks water".
3. To substitute a figurative expression of the receptor language for the figurative expression of the source language. For example, "he has a very kind liver for everyone" would be translated "he is very kind for everyone". The third is idioms. Idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood laterally and which function as a unit semantically (Beekman and Callow 1974:121). For example in English "Shinta under the water" in Indonesian we cannot say "Shinta di bawah air" but the true meaning is "Shinta is sick" or "Shinta sakit". The translator needs to learn to recognize the idioms and other figures of speech of the source text. And the last one or the fourth is euphemism. A euphemism is a figurative expression which is in some way like a metonymy. There is substitution of one word for another or one expression for another. But a euphemism is used to avoid an offensive expression or one that is socially unacceptable, or one that is unpleasant (see Beekman and Callow 1974:119). All languages have euphemistic expressions which substitute for certain words, especially in the area of sex, death, and the supernatural.
The last is hyperbole. A hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more said than the writer intended the reader to understand. The exaggeration is deliberately used for effect, and it is not to be understood as if it were a literal description (Beekman and Callow 1974:118). For example, "they turned the world upside down is an exaggeration. `World' is used to stand for people, in this case many people but probably not all the people in the world. Much care must be taken to be sure that the desired effect is retained in the receptor language but the correct meaning is also retained.
I think that's all for my respond, I'm waiting for your comment as soon as possible, Thanks..............
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