CHAPTER ONE
TRANSLATION AND
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| Matthew Mawe |
In my mind, translation is the best way which people usually do from years to years, and it's one of the processes of changing something that is written or spoken into other language to another language. We had known about the meaning of "translation" - a process of transferring the meaning of source language onto receptor language in written form. In this case, source in here means the language which we want to translate into, while receptor means a language of receiver. In translation way, there are four kinds of terminologies, each of them are: Form refers to words, phrase, sentences, and paragraph. In addition, in generally there are three main points in translation: Study (which including the lexicon (words)), the grammatical structure (should exist), Analyze (the text in order to determine each meaning) and the last one is Reconstruct (the meaning should use the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in receptor language and its cultural context.
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| Campus tools |
Anyway, After I read the material on the lecture one, I read about this form and
meaning of the translation versus interpretation. In this lecture's subject
there written about translation versus interpretation. Translation in
Indonesian is penerjemahan, and translation in this subject a process of
transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language in a
written form. While interpretation is a process of transferring the meaning of
the source language into the receptor language in an oral form. In other words,
translation is changing a meaning of a word of one language to another language
in a certain form of phrases or sentences. And interpretation is explaining the
meaning of a language orally.
There are terminologies are used in this lecture. Firstly, source language refers to the form which the translation is made. Second is receptor language that refers to the form into which it is to be changed. Third, is communication situation refers to who the speaker is (age, sex, social, status). And the last one is cultural context refers to a context where a text is written or spoken. In translation, Mildred L. Larson (Meaning-Based Translation) mentions three processes of translation there are study, analyze the text, and reconstruct.
As well as I know that there are some steps in a translation Project like establishing the project which contains of number of matters which need to be clearly understood by all who will be involved that is happen before one considers beginning a translation project. Also these things can be summarized under four T's- the Text that refers to the source of language document which is to be translated, next is the target that refers to the audience (children, adult, educated, uneducated, city residents etc.), the other one is the team that refers to the people who will be involved in the project that means a translator with capability to handle both source language and receptor language matters. The last one is the tools that refer to the written sources materials which will be used by translators as helps like dictionaries, lexicons, grammars, cultural description etc. The other supporting sources for this also like money, papers. Computers, pencils, etc. are necessary. Next project is exegesis, which used to refer to the process of discovering the meaning of the source language text which is to be translated. Exegesis also is the step which includes the preparation and analysis which must be done before anything at all can be written in the receptor language. Because the text must be understood completely this process takes place in moving from the source language form to the semantic structure. Then, transfer and initial that means the transfer results in the initial draft. In preparing this draft the translator is transferring from the source language into the receptor language. Next point is evaluation; this project has purpose that is threefold, accuracy, clearness, and naturalness.
> There is some question to be answered about the translation and the evaluation should be mother-tongue speakers of the receptor language. While after the evaluation is done carefully there will need to be a revised draft made on the basis of the feedback received. In many translation projects also there are advisors or consultants who are willing to help the translator. Then the last project is final draft, when the translator incorporates into translated text the suggestions made by the consultant, other words checks them again with mother-tongue speakers to be sure. However, before prepares the final draft decision about format need to discuss with the whole translation team.
> In lecture one also contains of characteristics of language which have a very direct bearing on principles of translation. Firstly, meaning components are packaged into lexical items words, but they are "packaged" differently in one language than in another. Many times a single word in the source language will need to be translated by several words. E.g. ojek means motorcycle used for public transport (5 kata). Sandman means tokoh dalam dongenan yang menidurkan anak dengan menaburkan pasir kedalam mata mereka (12 kata). Those examples above means that a single in Indonesian needs to be translated by 5 words (lexical items) inti English needs to be translated by 12 words into Indonesian.The next characteristic is same meaning component occurs in several words (forms). E.g. ikan  bobara, deho, cakalang, ouri, info and so on. Sheep lamb (young sheep), ram (adult and male) ewe (adult and female). And the last is one word (form) represents several alternative meanings, like makan makan nasi, makan bunuh. I think that’s all..
There are terminologies are used in this lecture. Firstly, source language refers to the form which the translation is made. Second is receptor language that refers to the form into which it is to be changed. Third, is communication situation refers to who the speaker is (age, sex, social, status). And the last one is cultural context refers to a context where a text is written or spoken. In translation, Mildred L. Larson (Meaning-Based Translation) mentions three processes of translation there are study, analyze the text, and reconstruct.
As well as I know that there are some steps in a translation Project like establishing the project which contains of number of matters which need to be clearly understood by all who will be involved that is happen before one considers beginning a translation project. Also these things can be summarized under four T's- the Text that refers to the source of language document which is to be translated, next is the target that refers to the audience (children, adult, educated, uneducated, city residents etc.), the other one is the team that refers to the people who will be involved in the project that means a translator with capability to handle both source language and receptor language matters. The last one is the tools that refer to the written sources materials which will be used by translators as helps like dictionaries, lexicons, grammars, cultural description etc. The other supporting sources for this also like money, papers. Computers, pencils, etc. are necessary. Next project is exegesis, which used to refer to the process of discovering the meaning of the source language text which is to be translated. Exegesis also is the step which includes the preparation and analysis which must be done before anything at all can be written in the receptor language. Because the text must be understood completely this process takes place in moving from the source language form to the semantic structure. Then, transfer and initial that means the transfer results in the initial draft. In preparing this draft the translator is transferring from the source language into the receptor language. Next point is evaluation; this project has purpose that is threefold, accuracy, clearness, and naturalness.
> There is some question to be answered about the translation and the evaluation should be mother-tongue speakers of the receptor language. While after the evaluation is done carefully there will need to be a revised draft made on the basis of the feedback received. In many translation projects also there are advisors or consultants who are willing to help the translator. Then the last project is final draft, when the translator incorporates into translated text the suggestions made by the consultant, other words checks them again with mother-tongue speakers to be sure. However, before prepares the final draft decision about format need to discuss with the whole translation team.
> In lecture one also contains of characteristics of language which have a very direct bearing on principles of translation. Firstly, meaning components are packaged into lexical items words, but they are "packaged" differently in one language than in another. Many times a single word in the source language will need to be translated by several words. E.g. ojek means motorcycle used for public transport (5 kata). Sandman means tokoh dalam dongenan yang menidurkan anak dengan menaburkan pasir kedalam mata mereka (12 kata). Those examples above means that a single in Indonesian needs to be translated by 5 words (lexical items) inti English needs to be translated by 12 words into Indonesian.The next characteristic is same meaning component occurs in several words (forms). E.g. ikan  bobara, deho, cakalang, ouri, info and so on. Sheep lamb (young sheep), ram (adult and male) ewe (adult and female). And the last is one word (form) represents several alternative meanings, like makan makan nasi, makan bunuh. I think that’s all..
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