Tugas_Translation_Chapter Three_SOME RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEXICAL ITEMS

RESPONDS Of

SOME RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEXICAL ITEMS

All right,,, this is the third times that we do responses between our  materials, to the lecture, then back to all of us (all my friends  and I (Matthew Mawekim). We had already done with our responds in chapter one, and two. And this is our third work that we had to do in this week.  First of all, we’re going to talk about “"Some Relationship between Lexical Items (words)" in the relationship between lexical items we found that there are some explanations about it. They are Generic-Specific, suitable words, synonyms, antonyms, and the last is reciprocal words.

1.       Generic-Specific,        The fist one is Generic- Specific, In speaking of generic vocabulary, we are referring to the manner in which certain words are grouped together in a language and given a class name that is a more generic word which includes all of a set of words. This generic term is a class word, the meaning of which is also found in two or more different words which are specific. More specific words have additional components of meaning as well as the meaning of the generic term. For example like : udang batu is more specific  than udang (lobster) because word udang is used to define udang batu: that is an udang batu in here means a lobster  which has certain specific characteristics and lives in smaller river.  It is also important to realize that VERBS may also be arranged in generic- specific relationships in a language.  The translator also needs to know more about generic and specific relationship of words because this may help him or her to find a good lexical equivalent which might be hard to find if he were not aware of this possibility. We can see the example here, if he or she might be able to use a generic word in the receptor language which would include the source language words and then add a descriptive phrase in order to make it clear the restricting components of meaning of the source language words.

2.      Substitute words

The second things here are also really need in translation, it is Substitute words, and the generic words that have been discussing so far are indefinite: that is they are referring to a generic class and do not specify a particular NOUN or VERB. Whereas it is important to notice that, generic words might also used in a definite generic way to refer to something that is already discussed in the substitute words, and the former generic words. -----here is an example: "our old Kawasaki broke down again. It has been a good motorbike. But it is time to get rid of the old thing. In this paragraph, Kawasaki has been referred to by it, Motorbike and thing. These are all substitute words for the antecedent Kawasaki. A substitute word refers to something already introduced to the context. Sometimes the substitute word will be more generic word as. For example: motorbike is a more generic word than Kawasaki, and thing is more generic than motorbike.

3.      Synonyms

People usually think about what are the synonyms and its meaning briefly. So in I think a synonym is a word or expression which means the same as another word or expression. For example we can see in this point”The term `industrial democracy' is often used as a synonym for worker participation.” It has given the meaning clearly, beside this, in any language there are words which are very similar in meaning. However, there are very few exact synonyms. Even words which are very similar in meaning will probably not have exactly the same usage in sentence and paragraph structures. One word may be appropriate in one situation and the other appropriate in a different situation.

4.       Antonyms

Beside synonyms, we had the opposite of synonyms namely Antonyms. According to the text, there aren’t included the meaning of it. But I would like add as additional information. The antonym of a word is a word which means the opposite (FORMAL). In addition, we can say the antonym of a word is the exact opposite, or contrast in some particular part of this meaning. All languages will have pairs of words which are antonyms, but different languages will have different sets. For example, in English, we distinguish short and tall vertically, and short and long horizontally. In Aguaruna, there are only two words sutajuch and esajam which are used for both the vertical and horizontal distinction of length. It can sometimes be very helpful to a translator who is looking for a particular word to realize that he/she thinks about the antonym, the word opposite in meaning, he may be able to find the desired word by constructing a negative form of that antonym.

5.       Reciprocal words

Most language will also have sets of words which are the reciprocal of one another. For example, the words give and receive have a reciprocal relationship to one another. Briefly I can say, reciprocal action or agreement involves two people or groups who do the same thing to each other or agree to help each another in a similar way (FORMAL). For example they expected a reciprocal gesture before more hostages could be freed. And another example is One can say "Matthew gave Jenny a book. "(Matius memeberikan Jenny sebuah buku) or one can say. "Jenny received a book from Matthew (Jenny menerima buku dari Matius). Teach and learn are reception this may be very useful. Sometimes in translating where the receptor language does not have a specific word used in the same way as the source language. It may be that the same meaning can be communicated by using a reciprocal word. The last is really important that the translator should be aware of the fact that the vocabulary of the source languages will not match the vocabulary of the receptor language. Awareness of the way that vocabularies are structured should help the translator to find equivalents through looking for more generic or specific vocabulary by looking for words that are synonymous or near synonymous and by looking for antonyms and for reciprocal words.